digitales forum romanum

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• Archaic7th cent. BC
• Monarchyca. 520 BC
• Early Republicca. 450 BC
• Middle Republic Ica. 300 BC
• Middle Republic IIca. 250 BC
• Late Republic Ica. 200 BC
• Late Republic IIca. 100 BC
• Sullaca. 70 BC
• Caesarca. 44 BC
• Augustus Ica. 20 BC
• Augustus IIca. 14 AD
• Flavianca. 96 AD
• Antonineca. 150 AD
• Severanca. 210 AD
• Tetrarchicca. 310 AD
• Late Antiquity Ica. 350 AD
• Late Antiquity II5th cent. AD
• Early Middle Ages6th/7th cent. AD
• RuinsToday

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• Late Republic I

  ca. 200 BC

  Bilder Karte

  • 
    The Forum in ca. 200 BC. View from the east.

  • 
    The Forum in ca. 200 BC. View from the north-east.

  • 
    The Forum in ca. 200 BC. View from the north-west.

  • 
    The Forum in ca. 200 BC. View from the west.

  • 
    The Forum in ca. 200 BC. View from the south.

  • 
    The Forum in ca. 200 BC. Topographical overview.

  • 
    The Forum in ca. 200 BC. View from the south-east.

  • 
    The Forum in ca. 200 BC. View from above.

  

  The transition from the 3rd to the 2nd century B.C. marks a turning point in the history of the Forum, as it underwent fundamental changes in the subsequent decades of the 2nd century B.C. At first glance, the structuring of the Forum still seems to be very dependent on the previous history of the square. And a first glance at the model suggests that hardly any improvements were made to the square compared to its appearance at 250 B.C. (see Middle...

• Cloaca maxima

  Even though the Cloaca Maxima is almost completely hidden from view today, it was a crucial element in helping the Forum develop into the central public space of ancient Rome. This drain made it possible to drain the lower area of the Forum, which...

• Comitium

  The beginnings of the Comitium in the northwest corner of the Forum can be traced back to the earlies period of Roman history. As the location of the Vulcanal, the sanctuary for the fire god Vulcan, this area was an important cultic centre from the...

• Curia

  Compared to all the other buildings on the modern-day excavation site of the Forum, the Curia is the building in which the largest percentage of ancient construction material has been conserved. Thus, the Curia gives us the best impression of the...

• Porticus Deorum Consentium

  However inconspicuous and hidden the Porticus Deorum Consentium may seem on the present-day excavation site: The shrine in the south-west corner of the Forum, where the road ascends the Capitoline Hill, provides us with stimulating insights into...

• Regia

  According to the legends the Regia was once the home of the Roman king Numa Pompilius and was therefore perceived as one of the most venerable buildings on the Forum. Since itwas erected the appearance of the building has hardly changed, just as the...

• Republican Rostra

  The beginnings of the Comitium in the northwest corner of the Forum can be traced back to the earlies period of Roman history. As the location of the Vulcanal, the sanctuary for the fire god Vulcan, this area was an important cultic centre from the...

• Tabernae

  Even though the tabernae might seem highly unremarkable in comparison to the monumental temples and basilicas of the Republican Forum, it is exactly structures such as the tabernae that provide us with crucial insights into a highly important...

• Temple of Concordia

  The inconspicuous remains of the Temple of Concord, which are still visible at the western boundary of the present-day excavation site, do not bear testimony to the magnificent appearance of the original building, which once dominated the west side...

• Temple of Saturn

  On the southwest corner of the Forum, where the road ascends to the Capitoline Hill, the Temple of Saturn up to this day dominates the visual appearance of the Forum with its towering and impressive ancient façade. The temple belongs to the oldest...

• Temple of the Dioscuri

  The temple honouring the Dioscuri Castor and Pollux counts among the oldest monumental cult buildings on the Forum. During the long period of its existence spanning from the 5th century B.C. to the 4th century A.D. the temple's development went back...

• Temple of Vesta

  At the present-day excavation site the Temple of Vesta gives one the impression of an artificial ruin on the east side of the Forum. The small round temple belongs to the oldest cult sites in the Forum area; its beginnings date back to the initial...

• Late Republic II

  ca. 100 BC

  Bilder Karte

  • 
    The Forum in ca. 100 BC. View from the south-east.

  • 
    The Forum in ca. 100 BC. View from the east.

  • 
    The Forum in ca. 100 BC. View from the north-east.

  • 
    The Forum in ca. 100 BC. View from the north-west.

  • 
    The Forum in ca. 100 BC. View from the west.

  • 
    The Forum in ca. 100 BC. View from the south.

  • 
    The Forum in ca. 100 BC. Topographical overview.

  • 
    The Forum in ca. 100 BC. View from above.

  

  If the Forum was still in its initial development phase around 200 B.C., then it is safe to say that 100 years later it achieved its initial goal. In the course of a few decades, the physiognomy of the square had been radically transformed: A once moderate square, adorned with little in the way of representative architecture, had changed into an impressive and prestigious first-class complex, which did credit to the political significance of Rome. The...

• Basilica Fulvia

  Today it is hard to believe that the ruin on the north side of the present-day excavation site was once the most fascinating and spectacular building of ancient Rome, the Basilica Paulli. The Roman writer Pliny the Elder counted it among the...

• Basilica Opimia

  In 121 B.C. the consul L. Opimius inaugurated the Temple of Concord that had recently been constructed at his behest. At the same time the Basilica Opimia, which was named after him, was built next to the new temple. Its history was closely...

• Basilica Porcia

  The remains of the Basilica Porcia are not visible today because the place where the building stood, bordering the zone between the Curia and Carcer, has not been excavated yet. In the late Republic the Basilica Porcia was a politically important...

• Basilica Sempronia

  Because it is so poorly preserved, the Basilica Iulia has been widely ignored; yet it was the most monumental basilica on the Forum Romanum in the late Republic. It was erected under Caesar / Augustus on the south side of the Forum as the successor...

• Comitium

  The beginnings of the Comitium in the northwest corner of the Forum can be traced back to the earlies period of Roman history. As the location of the Vulcanal, the sanctuary for the fire god Vulcan, this area was an important cultic centre from the...

• Curia

  Compared to all the other buildings on the modern-day excavation site of the Forum, the Curia is the building in which the largest percentage of ancient construction material has been conserved. Thus, the Curia gives us the best impression of the...

• Lacus Curtius

  The Lacus Curtius is a small open sanctuary which is situated directly on the open Forum area. This place not only imparted an understanding of the mythical past of the Romans, but it was the scene of dramatic episodes within Rome's history: For...

• Porticus Deorum Consentium

  However inconspicuous and hidden the Porticus Deorum Consentium may seem on the present-day excavation site: The shrine in the south-west corner of the Forum, where the road ascends the Capitoline Hill, provides us with stimulating insights into...

• Regia

  According to the legends the Regia was once the home of the Roman king Numa Pompilius and was therefore perceived as one of the most venerable buildings on the Forum. Since itwas erected the appearance of the building has hardly changed, just as the...

• Republican Rostra

  The beginnings of the Comitium in the northwest corner of the Forum can be traced back to the earlies period of Roman history. As the location of the Vulcanal, the sanctuary for the fire god Vulcan, this area was an important cultic centre from the...

• Tabernae

  Even though the tabernae might seem highly unremarkable in comparison to the monumental temples and basilicas of the Republican Forum, it is exactly structures such as the tabernae that provide us with crucial insights into a highly important...

• Temple of Concordia

  The inconspicuous remains of the Temple of Concord, which are still visible at the western boundary of the present-day excavation site, do not bear testimony to the magnificent appearance of the original building, which once dominated the west side...

• Temple of Saturn

  On the southwest corner of the Forum, where the road ascends to the Capitoline Hill, the Temple of Saturn up to this day dominates the visual appearance of the Forum with its towering and impressive ancient façade. The temple belongs to the oldest...

• Temple of the Dioscuri

  The temple honouring the Dioscuri Castor and Pollux counts among the oldest monumental cult buildings on the Forum. During the long period of its existence spanning from the 5th century B.C. to the 4th century A.D. the temple's development went back...

• Temple of Vesta

  At the present-day excavation site the Temple of Vesta gives one the impression of an artificial ruin on the east side of the Forum. The small round temple belongs to the oldest cult sites in the Forum area; its beginnings date back to the initial...

• Augustus II

  ca. 14 AD

  Bilder Karte

  • 
    The Forum in ca. 14 AD. View from the south-east.

  • 
    The Forum in ca. 14 AD. View from the east.

  • 
    The Forum in ca. 14 AD. View from the north-east.

  • 
    The Forum in ca. 14 AD. View from the north-west.

  • 
    The Forum in ca. 14 AD. View from the west.

  • 
    The Forum in ca. 14 AD. View from the south.

  • 
    The Forum in ca. 14 AD. Topographical overview.

  • 
    The Forum in ca. 14 AD. View from an ancient viewer.

  • 
    The Forum in ca. 14 AD. View from an ancient viewer.

  • 
    The Forum in ca. 14 AD. View from above.

  

  When Augustus died on August 19th in 14 A.D., the Forum Romanum had acquired a whole new physiognomy. Only very little brought the Forum’s old appearance of the 40s and 30s of the 1st century B.C., when Augustus had first entered the political stage, to mind. Almost all of the buildings of the surrounding architecture now shone in new splendor; the structural predecessors had, in most cases, been replaced by new buildings with a more magnificent and...

• Actian Arch

  The honorific arch that Augustus received for his victory at Actium heralded the start of a completely new approach to the construction of honorific arches on the Forum. Thus it poses a special problem for scholars who are investigating the Forum...

• Basilica Iulia

  Because it is so poorly preserved, the Basilica Iulia has been widely ignored; yet it was the most monumental basilica on the Forum Romanum in the late Republic. It was erected under Caesar / Augustus on the south side of the Forum as the successor...

• Basilica Paulli

  Today it is hard to believe that the ruin on the north side of the present-day excavation site was once the most fascinating and spectacular building of ancient Rome, the Basilica Paulli. The Roman writer Pliny the Elder counted it among the...

• Columnae rostratae Augusti

  Almost every known type of Roman honorific monument was built for Augustus on the Forum. In this way Augustus was able to make himself omnipresent, portraying himself in the role of the victor. Alongside the equestrian statue on the Rostra (see...

• Comitium

  The beginnings of the Comitium in the northwest corner of the Forum can be traced back to the earlies period of Roman history. As the location of the Vulcanal, the sanctuary for the fire god Vulcan, this area was an important cultic centre from the...

• Curia

  Compared to all the other buildings on the modern-day excavation site of the Forum, the Curia is the building in which the largest percentage of ancient construction material has been conserved. Thus, the Curia gives us the best impression of the...

• Lacus Curtius

  The Lacus Curtius is a small open sanctuary which is situated directly on the open Forum area. This place not only imparted an understanding of the mythical past of the Romans, but it was the scene of dramatic episodes within Rome's history: For...

• Parthian Arch

  If one looks around the Forum nowadays, one hardly notices the ancient structure of the Parthian Arch of Augustus, which stands between the Temple of Caesar and the Temple of the Dioscuri. Yet we still know a lot about this monument. It was central...

• Porticus Deorum Consentium

  However inconspicuous and hidden the Porticus Deorum Consentium may seem on the present-day excavation site: The shrine in the south-west corner of the Forum, where the road ascends the Capitoline Hill, provides us with stimulating insights into...

• Regia

  According to the legends the Regia was once the home of the Roman king Numa Pompilius and was therefore perceived as one of the most venerable buildings on the Forum. Since itwas erected the appearance of the building has hardly changed, just as the...

• Rostra Augusti

  Initially constructed under Caesar’s and further altered under Augustus’ reign, the speaker’s platform towered above the west side of the open Forum area, where it is still visible today upon entering the excavation site. This platform used to...

• Tabularium

  Since its erection up until the present day, the towering structure of the Tabularium serves as an impressive background for the west side of the Forum. Because the building was continuously occupied throughout the centuries, it has survived in such...

• Temple of Caesar

  The temple was initially conceived of as a heroon for the murdered C. Iulius Caesar. During the extension of the Forum under Augustus, the temple developed more and more into the primary structure for the self-representation of the new Julian...

• Temple of Concordia

  The inconspicuous remains of the Temple of Concord, which are still visible at the western boundary of the present-day excavation site, do not bear testimony to the magnificent appearance of the original building, which once dominated the west side...

• Temple of Saturn

  On the southwest corner of the Forum, where the road ascends to the Capitoline Hill, the Temple of Saturn up to this day dominates the visual appearance of the Forum with its towering and impressive ancient façade. The temple belongs to the oldest...

• Temple of the Dioscuri

  The temple honouring the Dioscuri Castor and Pollux counts among the oldest monumental cult buildings on the Forum. During the long period of its existence spanning from the 5th century B.C. to the 4th century A.D. the temple's development went back...

• Temple of Vesta

  At the present-day excavation site the Temple of Vesta gives one the impression of an artificial ruin on the east side of the Forum. The small round temple belongs to the oldest cult sites in the Forum area; its beginnings date back to the initial...

• Flavian

  ca. 96 AD

  Bilder Karte

  • 
    The Forum in ca. 96 AD. View from the south-east.

  • 
    The Forum in ca. 96 AD. View from the east.

  • 
    The Forum in ca. 96 AD. View from the north-east.

  • 
    The Forum in ca. 96 AD. View from the north-west.

  • 
    The Forum in ca. 96 AD. View from the west.

  • 
    The Forum in ca. 96 AD. View from the south.

  • 
    The Forum in ca. 96 AD. Topographical overview.

  • 
    The Forum in ca. 96 AD. View from above.

  

  The direct successors of Augustus, namely the Emperors of the Julio-Claudian Dynasty (Tiberius, Caligula, Claudius, Nero), hardly made any changes to the appearance of the Forum after 14 A.D. by adding their own buildings. Thus, the Forum was preserved in its newly fashioned Augustan guise, as a representational stage for the Julii: This was a wise decision by Augustus’ descendants, because they too greatly profited from the omnipresent staging of the...

• Actian Arch

  The honorific arch that Augustus received for his victory at Actium heralded the start of a completely new approach to the construction of honorific arches on the Forum. Thus it poses a special problem for scholars who are investigating the Forum...

• Basilica Iulia

  Because it is so poorly preserved, the Basilica Iulia has been widely ignored; yet it was the most monumental basilica on the Forum Romanum in the late Republic. It was erected under Caesar / Augustus on the south side of the Forum as the successor...

• Basilica Paulli

  Today it is hard to believe that the ruin on the north side of the present-day excavation site was once the most fascinating and spectacular building of ancient Rome, the Basilica Paulli. The Roman writer Pliny the Elder counted it among the...

• Comitium

  The beginnings of the Comitium in the northwest corner of the Forum can be traced back to the earlies period of Roman history. As the location of the Vulcanal, the sanctuary for the fire god Vulcan, this area was an important cultic centre from the...

• Curia

  Compared to all the other buildings on the modern-day excavation site of the Forum, the Curia is the building in which the largest percentage of ancient construction material has been conserved. Thus, the Curia gives us the best impression of the...

• Equus Domitiani

  The equestrian statue of Emperor Domitian (lat.: equus Domitiani) is normally understood as a significant testimony of the new absolute claim to power which the last Emperor of the Flavian dynasty wished to convey. This absolute claim probably also...

• Lacus Curtius

  The Lacus Curtius is a small open sanctuary which is situated directly on the open Forum area. This place not only imparted an understanding of the mythical past of the Romans, but it was the scene of dramatic episodes within Rome's history: For...

• Parthian Arch

  If one looks around the Forum nowadays, one hardly notices the ancient structure of the Parthian Arch of Augustus, which stands between the Temple of Caesar and the Temple of the Dioscuri. Yet we still know a lot about this monument. It was central...

• Porticus Deorum Consentium

  However inconspicuous and hidden the Porticus Deorum Consentium may seem on the present-day excavation site: The shrine in the south-west corner of the Forum, where the road ascends the Capitoline Hill, provides us with stimulating insights into...

• Regia

  According to the legends the Regia was once the home of the Roman king Numa Pompilius and was therefore perceived as one of the most venerable buildings on the Forum. Since itwas erected the appearance of the building has hardly changed, just as the...

• Rostra Augusti

  Initially constructed under Caesar’s and further altered under Augustus’ reign, the speaker’s platform towered above the west side of the open Forum area, where it is still visible today upon entering the excavation site. This platform used to...

• Tabularium

  Since its erection up until the present day, the towering structure of the Tabularium serves as an impressive background for the west side of the Forum. Because the building was continuously occupied throughout the centuries, it has survived in such...

• Temple of Caesar

  The temple was initially conceived of as a heroon for the murdered C. Iulius Caesar. During the extension of the Forum under Augustus, the temple developed more and more into the primary structure for the self-representation of the new Julian...

• Temple of Concordia

  The inconspicuous remains of the Temple of Concord, which are still visible at the western boundary of the present-day excavation site, do not bear testimony to the magnificent appearance of the original building, which once dominated the west side...

• Temple of Saturn

  On the southwest corner of the Forum, where the road ascends to the Capitoline Hill, the Temple of Saturn up to this day dominates the visual appearance of the Forum with its towering and impressive ancient façade. The temple belongs to the oldest...

• Temple of the Dioscuri

  The temple honouring the Dioscuri Castor and Pollux counts among the oldest monumental cult buildings on the Forum. During the long period of its existence spanning from the 5th century B.C. to the 4th century A.D. the temple's development went back...

• Temple of Vespasian

  The dynasty of the Flavian Emperors chose to react to the dominating presence of the Julio-Claudian dynasty on the Forum by constructing the Temple of Vespasian. This reaction was targeted especially at the Temple of divus Iulius (deified Caesar,...

• Temple of Vesta

  At the present-day excavation site the Temple of Vesta gives one the impression of an artificial ruin on the east side of the Forum. The small round temple belongs to the oldest cult sites in the Forum area; its beginnings date back to the initial...

• Antonine

  ca. 150 AD

  Bilder

  • 
    The Forum in ca. 150 AD. View from the south-east.

  • 
    The Forum in ca. 150 AD. View from the east.

  • 
    The Forum in ca. 150 AD. View from the north-east.

  • 
    The Forum in ca. 150 AD. View from the north-west.

  • 
    The Forum in ca. 150 AD. View from the west.

  • 
    The Forum in ca. 150 AD. View from the south.

  • 
    The Forum in ca. 150 AD. Topographical overview.

  • 
    The Forum in ca. 150 AD. View from above.

  While the Flavians as a new ruling dynasty had impressively left their mark on the physiognomy of the Forum Romanum (see Flavian), things have quietened down on the Forum under the reign of the following dynasty, the so-called “Adoptive Emperors” or Nerva-Antonine Dynasty. During the hundred years of their reign, starting with Emperor Nerva coming into power in 96 A.D. and continuing on under the rule of Emperor Trajan, Hadrian, Antoninus Pius and...

• Actian Arch

  The honorific arch that Augustus received for his victory at Actium heralded the start of a completely new approach to the construction of honorific arches on the Forum. Thus it poses a special problem for scholars who are investigating the Forum...

• Basilica Iulia

  Because it is so poorly preserved, the Basilica Iulia has been widely ignored; yet it was the most monumental basilica on the Forum Romanum in the late Republic. It was erected under Caesar / Augustus on the south side of the Forum as the successor...

• Basilica Paulli

  Today it is hard to believe that the ruin on the north side of the present-day excavation site was once the most fascinating and spectacular building of ancient Rome, the Basilica Paulli. The Roman writer Pliny the Elder counted it among the...

• Comitium

  The beginnings of the Comitium in the northwest corner of the Forum can be traced back to the earlies period of Roman history. As the location of the Vulcanal, the sanctuary for the fire god Vulcan, this area was an important cultic centre from the...

• Curia

  Compared to all the other buildings on the modern-day excavation site of the Forum, the Curia is the building in which the largest percentage of ancient construction material has been conserved. Thus, the Curia gives us the best impression of the...

• Lacus Curtius

  The Lacus Curtius is a small open sanctuary which is situated directly on the open Forum area. This place not only imparted an understanding of the mythical past of the Romans, but it was the scene of dramatic episodes within Rome's history: For...

• Parthian Arch

  If one looks around the Forum nowadays, one hardly notices the ancient structure of the Parthian Arch of Augustus, which stands between the Temple of Caesar and the Temple of the Dioscuri. Yet we still know a lot about this monument. It was central...

• Porticus Deorum Consentium

  However inconspicuous and hidden the Porticus Deorum Consentium may seem on the present-day excavation site: The shrine in the south-west corner of the Forum, where the road ascends the Capitoline Hill, provides us with stimulating insights into...

• Regia

  According to the legends the Regia was once the home of the Roman king Numa Pompilius and was therefore perceived as one of the most venerable buildings on the Forum. Since itwas erected the appearance of the building has hardly changed, just as the...

• Rostra Augusti

  Initially constructed under Caesar’s and further altered under Augustus’ reign, the speaker’s platform towered above the west side of the open Forum area, where it is still visible today upon entering the excavation site. This platform used to...

• Tabularium

  Since its erection up until the present day, the towering structure of the Tabularium serves as an impressive background for the west side of the Forum. Because the building was continuously occupied throughout the centuries, it has survived in such...

• Temple of Antoninus and Faustina

  The temple was a cult site that was consecrated to the deceased Emperor and Empress Antoninus Pius and Faustina Maior. It is counted among the latest buildings erected on the Forum Romanum. The building delimits the Forum on the northeast corner and...

• Temple of Caesar

  The temple was initially conceived of as a heroon for the murdered C. Iulius Caesar. During the extension of the Forum under Augustus, the temple developed more and more into the primary structure for the self-representation of the new Julian...

• Temple of Concordia

  The inconspicuous remains of the Temple of Concord, which are still visible at the western boundary of the present-day excavation site, do not bear testimony to the magnificent appearance of the original building, which once dominated the west side...

• Temple of Saturn

  On the southwest corner of the Forum, where the road ascends to the Capitoline Hill, the Temple of Saturn up to this day dominates the visual appearance of the Forum with its towering and impressive ancient façade. The temple belongs to the oldest...

• Temple of the Dioscuri

  The temple honouring the Dioscuri Castor and Pollux counts among the oldest monumental cult buildings on the Forum. During the long period of its existence spanning from the 5th century B.C. to the 4th century A.D. the temple's development went back...

• Temple of Vespasian

  The dynasty of the Flavian Emperors chose to react to the dominating presence of the Julio-Claudian dynasty on the Forum by constructing the Temple of Vespasian. This reaction was targeted especially at the Temple of divus Iulius (deified Caesar,...

• Temple of Vesta

  At the present-day excavation site the Temple of Vesta gives one the impression of an artificial ruin on the east side of the Forum. The small round temple belongs to the oldest cult sites in the Forum area; its beginnings date back to the initial...

• Severan

  ca. 210 AD

  Bilder Karte

  • 
    The Forum in ca. 210 AD. View from the south-east.

  • 
    The Forum in ca. 210 AD. View from the east.

  • 
    The Forum in ca. 210 AD. View from the north-east.

  • 
    The Forum in ca. 210 AD. View from the north-west.

  • 
    The Forum in ca. 210 AD. View from the west.

  • 
    The Forum in ca. 210 AD. View from the south.

  • 
    The Forum in ca. 210 AD. Topographical overview.

  • 
    The Forum in ca. 210 AD. View from above.

  

  The start of the reign of Septimius Severus and his family in 193 A.D. opened a new and exciting chapter in the history of the Forum Romanum. While hardly any architectural alterations were made to the Forum under the preceding Antonine Dynasty (96 – 192 A.D.) (see Antonine) and the Forum was successively transformed into a space in which the architecture reflected the past rather than the present, the new Severan Dynasty showed a rekindled interest in...

• Arch of Septimius Severus

  The erection of the monumental honorific arch for Septimius Severus must have had a profound impact. For over a hundred years, no substantial alterations had been made to the Forum, because the Emperors of the Antonine dynasty rarely used it as a...

• Basilica Iulia

  Because it is so poorly preserved, the Basilica Iulia has been widely ignored; yet it was the most monumental basilica on the Forum Romanum in the late Republic. It was erected under Caesar / Augustus on the south side of the Forum as the successor...

• Basilica Paulli

  Today it is hard to believe that the ruin on the north side of the present-day excavation site was once the most fascinating and spectacular building of ancient Rome, the Basilica Paulli. The Roman writer Pliny the Elder counted it among the...

• Comitium

  The beginnings of the Comitium in the northwest corner of the Forum can be traced back to the earlies period of Roman history. As the location of the Vulcanal, the sanctuary for the fire god Vulcan, this area was an important cultic centre from the...

• Curia

  Compared to all the other buildings on the modern-day excavation site of the Forum, the Curia is the building in which the largest percentage of ancient construction material has been conserved. Thus, the Curia gives us the best impression of the...

• Lacus Curtius

  The Lacus Curtius is a small open sanctuary which is situated directly on the open Forum area. This place not only imparted an understanding of the mythical past of the Romans, but it was the scene of dramatic episodes within Rome's history: For...

• Parthian Arch

  If one looks around the Forum nowadays, one hardly notices the ancient structure of the Parthian Arch of Augustus, which stands between the Temple of Caesar and the Temple of the Dioscuri. Yet we still know a lot about this monument. It was central...

• Porticus Deorum Consentium

  However inconspicuous and hidden the Porticus Deorum Consentium may seem on the present-day excavation site: The shrine in the south-west corner of the Forum, where the road ascends the Capitoline Hill, provides us with stimulating insights into...

• Regia

  According to the legends the Regia was once the home of the Roman king Numa Pompilius and was therefore perceived as one of the most venerable buildings on the Forum. Since itwas erected the appearance of the building has hardly changed, just as the...

• Rostra Augusti

  Initially constructed under Caesar’s and further altered under Augustus’ reign, the speaker’s platform towered above the west side of the open Forum area, where it is still visible today upon entering the excavation site. This platform used to...

• Tabularium

  Since its erection up until the present day, the towering structure of the Tabularium serves as an impressive background for the west side of the Forum. Because the building was continuously occupied throughout the centuries, it has survived in such...

• Temple of Antoninus and Faustina

  The temple was a cult site that was consecrated to the deceased Emperor and Empress Antoninus Pius and Faustina Maior. It is counted among the latest buildings erected on the Forum Romanum. The building delimits the Forum on the northeast corner and...

• Temple of Caesar

  The temple was initially conceived of as a heroon for the murdered C. Iulius Caesar. During the extension of the Forum under Augustus, the temple developed more and more into the primary structure for the self-representation of the new Julian...

• Temple of Concordia

  The inconspicuous remains of the Temple of Concord, which are still visible at the western boundary of the present-day excavation site, do not bear testimony to the magnificent appearance of the original building, which once dominated the west side...

• Temple of Saturn

  On the southwest corner of the Forum, where the road ascends to the Capitoline Hill, the Temple of Saturn up to this day dominates the visual appearance of the Forum with its towering and impressive ancient façade. The temple belongs to the oldest...

• Temple of the Dioscuri

  The temple honouring the Dioscuri Castor and Pollux counts among the oldest monumental cult buildings on the Forum. During the long period of its existence spanning from the 5th century B.C. to the 4th century A.D. the temple's development went back...

• Temple of Vespasian

  The dynasty of the Flavian Emperors chose to react to the dominating presence of the Julio-Claudian dynasty on the Forum by constructing the Temple of Vespasian. This reaction was targeted especially at the Temple of divus Iulius (deified Caesar,...

• Temple of Vesta

  At the present-day excavation site the Temple of Vesta gives one the impression of an artificial ruin on the east side of the Forum. The small round temple belongs to the oldest cult sites in the Forum area; its beginnings date back to the initial...

• Tetrarchic

  ca. 310 AD

  Bilder Karte

  • 
    The Forum in ca. 310 AD. View from the south-east.

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    The Forum in ca. 310 AD. View from the east.

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    The Forum in ca. 310 AD. View from the north-east.

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    The Forum in ca. 310 AD. View from the north-west.

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    The Forum in ca. 310 AD. View from the west.

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    The Forum in ca. 310 AD. View from the south.

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    The Forum in ca. 310 AD. Topographical overview.

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    The Forum in ca. 310 AD. View from above.

  

  In 310 A.D. the Forum Romanum had strongly changed in appearance. Yet again the square had been reinvented with regard to its architectural composition – and this to a similar extent to the wide-ranging changes made under Augustus (see Augustan II). Similar to the Augustan period, in which the Republic gave way to the Principate, during the Tetrarchic period, the political system of the Roman state was fundamentally redefined: Instead of a single...

• Arch of Septimius Severus

  The erection of the monumental honorific arch for Septimius Severus must have had a profound impact. For over a hundred years, no substantial alterations had been made to the Forum, because the Emperors of the Antonine dynasty rarely used it as a...

• Basilica Iulia

  Because it is so poorly preserved, the Basilica Iulia has been widely ignored; yet it was the most monumental basilica on the Forum Romanum in the late Republic. It was erected under Caesar / Augustus on the south side of the Forum as the successor...

• Basilica Paulli

  Today it is hard to believe that the ruin on the north side of the present-day excavation site was once the most fascinating and spectacular building of ancient Rome, the Basilica Paulli. The Roman writer Pliny the Elder counted it among the...

• Comitium

  The beginnings of the Comitium in the northwest corner of the Forum can be traced back to the earlies period of Roman history. As the location of the Vulcanal, the sanctuary for the fire god Vulcan, this area was an important cultic centre from the...

• Curia

  Compared to all the other buildings on the modern-day excavation site of the Forum, the Curia is the building in which the largest percentage of ancient construction material has been conserved. Thus, the Curia gives us the best impression of the...

• Honorary Columns along South Side

  A distinctive feature of the appearance of today’s Forum Romanum is a row of seven honorific monuments, which were spread across the south side of the open Forum area. Towering atop the pedestals, which have themselves survived only fragmentarily...

• Lacus Curtius

  The Lacus Curtius is a small open sanctuary which is situated directly on the open Forum area. This place not only imparted an understanding of the mythical past of the Romans, but it was the scene of dramatic episodes within Rome's history: For...

• Parthian Arch

  If one looks around the Forum nowadays, one hardly notices the ancient structure of the Parthian Arch of Augustus, which stands between the Temple of Caesar and the Temple of the Dioscuri. Yet we still know a lot about this monument. It was central...

• Porticus Deorum Consentium

  However inconspicuous and hidden the Porticus Deorum Consentium may seem on the present-day excavation site: The shrine in the south-west corner of the Forum, where the road ascends the Capitoline Hill, provides us with stimulating insights into...

• Regia

  According to the legends the Regia was once the home of the Roman king Numa Pompilius and was therefore perceived as one of the most venerable buildings on the Forum. Since itwas erected the appearance of the building has hardly changed, just as the...

• Rostra Augusti

  Initially constructed under Caesar’s and further altered under Augustus’ reign, the speaker’s platform towered above the west side of the open Forum area, where it is still visible today upon entering the excavation site. This platform used to...

• Rostra Diocletiani

  The present-day ruin of the Rostra Diocletiani exemplifies the complex and tragic history behind several of the structures on the Forum: During the excavations in 1874, the remains of the speaker’s platform were interpreted – incorrectly – as...

• Tabularium

  Since its erection up until the present day, the towering structure of the Tabularium serves as an impressive background for the west side of the Forum. Because the building was continuously occupied throughout the centuries, it has survived in such...

• Temple of Antoninus and Faustina

  The temple was a cult site that was consecrated to the deceased Emperor and Empress Antoninus Pius and Faustina Maior. It is counted among the latest buildings erected on the Forum Romanum. The building delimits the Forum on the northeast corner and...

• Temple of Caesar

  The temple was initially conceived of as a heroon for the murdered C. Iulius Caesar. During the extension of the Forum under Augustus, the temple developed more and more into the primary structure for the self-representation of the new Julian...

• Temple of Concordia

  The inconspicuous remains of the Temple of Concord, which are still visible at the western boundary of the present-day excavation site, do not bear testimony to the magnificent appearance of the original building, which once dominated the west side...

• Temple of Saturn

  On the southwest corner of the Forum, where the road ascends to the Capitoline Hill, the Temple of Saturn up to this day dominates the visual appearance of the Forum with its towering and impressive ancient façade. The temple belongs to the oldest...

• Temple of the Dioscuri

  The temple honouring the Dioscuri Castor and Pollux counts among the oldest monumental cult buildings on the Forum. During the long period of its existence spanning from the 5th century B.C. to the 4th century A.D. the temple's development went back...

• Temple of Vespasian

  The dynasty of the Flavian Emperors chose to react to the dominating presence of the Julio-Claudian dynasty on the Forum by constructing the Temple of Vespasian. This reaction was targeted especially at the Temple of divus Iulius (deified Caesar,...

• Temple of Vesta

  At the present-day excavation site the Temple of Vesta gives one the impression of an artificial ruin on the east side of the Forum. The small round temple belongs to the oldest cult sites in the Forum area; its beginnings date back to the initial...

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